{
  "generated": "2026-08-29T14:59:42.203Z",
  "atlas": "https://santismm.com/en/labs/homeric-atlas",
  "methodology": "https://santismm.com/en/labs/homeric-atlas/methodology",
  "license": "Content © Santiago Santa María Morales, licensed CC BY 4.0.",
  "license_spdx": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "rubric": {
    "max": 12,
    "max_per_criterion": 3,
    "criteria": [
      "textual",
      "archaeological",
      "scholarly",
      "geographic"
    ],
    "bands": {
      "high": "10-12",
      "medium": "6-9",
      "low": "3-5",
      "minimal": "0-2"
    },
    "note": "Four criteria scored 0–3 each; score is their sum and band is derived from score. This is an editorial judgement instrument, not a probability: a 9/12 does not mean a 75% chance."
  },
  "place": {
    "id": "HOM-P-022",
    "slug": "sirens",
    "version": "1.0",
    "updated": "2026-08-22",
    "identification": "speculative",
    "unlocated": false,
    "region": "italySicily",
    "homeric_names": [
      "Σειρῆνες"
    ],
    "canonical_url": "https://santismm.com/en/labs/homeric-atlas/places/sirens",
    "api_url": "https://santismm.com/api/homeric/places/sirens",
    "primary_hypothesis": "li-galli",
    "confidence": {
      "textual": 2,
      "archaeological": 0,
      "scholarly": 1,
      "geographic": 1,
      "score": 4,
      "band": "low"
    },
    "attestations": [
      {
        "work": "odyssey",
        "book": 12,
        "lines": "39-54",
        "citation": "Odyssey 12.39–54",
        "url": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136:book=12:card=1"
      },
      {
        "work": "odyssey",
        "book": 12,
        "lines": "165-200",
        "citation": "Odyssey 12.165–200",
        "url": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136:book=12:card=1"
      }
    ],
    "hypotheses": [
      {
        "id": "li-galli",
        "identification": "speculative",
        "modern_name": "Li Galli, Campania",
        "country": "IT",
        "lat": 40.58,
        "lon": 14.43,
        "precision": "island",
        "proponent": "Ancient geographical tradition; Strabo 1.2",
        "era": "antiquity",
        "since": null,
        "plottable": true,
        "off_map": false,
        "confidence": {
          "textual": 2,
          "archaeological": 0,
          "scholarly": 1,
          "geographic": 1,
          "score": 4,
          "band": "low"
        },
        "sources": [
          "strabo-1-2-13",
          "li-galli",
          "odyssey"
        ],
        "locales": {
          "en": {
            "label": "Li Galli / the Sirenuse",
            "note": "Three islets off the Sorrentine peninsula, called the Sirenuse since antiquity. The name is the argument, and the name may well have followed the poem rather than preceded it."
          },
          "es": {
            "label": "Li Galli / las Sirenusas",
            "note": "Tres islotes frente a la península sorrentina, llamados Sirenusas desde la Antigüedad. El nombre es el argumento, y bien pudo seguir al poema en vez de precederlo."
          },
          "pt": {
            "label": "Li Galli / as Sirenusas",
            "note": "Três ilhotas diante da península sorrentina, chamadas Sirenusas desde a Antiguidade. O nome é o argumento, e bem pode ter seguido o poema em vez de precedê-lo."
          }
        }
      }
    ],
    "episodes": [
      "the-sirens"
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "odyssey",
        "kind": "primary_text",
        "citation": "Homer, Odyssey (trans. A. T. Murray, Loeb, 1919)",
        "author": "Homer"
      },
      {
        "id": "berard-1927",
        "kind": "scholarship",
        "citation": "Victor Bérard, Les navigations d'Ulysse (4 vols., 1927–1929)",
        "author": "Victor Bérard",
        "year": 1927,
        "url": "https://archive.org/details/lesnavigationsdu04bera"
      },
      {
        "id": "strabo-1-2-13",
        "kind": "primary_text",
        "citation": "Strabo, Geography 1.2 — the Sirens placed off the Campanian coast in the geographical tradition",
        "author": "Strabo",
        "year": -20
      },
      {
        "id": "li-galli",
        "kind": "tradition",
        "citation": "Li Galli (the Sirenuse), the islets off the Amalfi coast, named for the Sirens in Italian tradition"
      }
    ],
    "locales": {
      "en": {
        "name": "The Sirens' island",
        "summary": "Two singers on a flowery meadow surrounded by the bones of the men who stopped to listen. The poem gives no coordinates and one navigational instruction: wax in the ears, and tie the captain to the mast.",
        "description": [
          "The Sirens are the only hazard Odysseus survives by preparation alone. Circe tells him what they are and what to do; he does it; the ship passes. The episode is twenty lines long and has generated more art than any other in the poem.",
          "Italian tradition attached them to the Sirenuse islets off Amalfi, which is a naming, not a discovery. The atlas records the identification and scores it accordingly."
        ],
        "identificationNote": "Speculative: a name-based tradition with no supporting evidence and no scholarly consensus, scoring 4/12.",
        "debate": "Whether the Sirenuse are named after the episode or the episode located at the Sirenuse — the same circularity that runs through most of the western identifications."
      },
      "es": {
        "name": "La isla de las sirenas",
        "summary": "Dos cantoras en un prado florido rodeado por los huesos de quienes se detuvieron a escuchar. El poema no da coordenadas y sí una instrucción náutica: cera en los oídos y el capitán atado al mástil.",
        "description": [
          "Las sirenas son el único peligro que Odiseo supera solo con preparación. Circe le dice qué son y qué hacer; él lo hace; la nave pasa. El episodio dura veinte versos y ha generado más arte que ningún otro del poema.",
          "La tradición italiana las adhirió a los islotes Sirenusas frente a Amalfi, lo cual es una denominación, no un hallazgo. El atlas registra la identificación y la puntúa en consecuencia."
        ],
        "identificationNote": "Especulativa: una tradición basada en el nombre, sin pruebas de apoyo ni consenso académico; puntúa 4/12.",
        "debate": "Si las Sirenusas se llaman así por el episodio o el episodio se sitúa en las Sirenusas: la misma circularidad que recorre casi todas las identificaciones occidentales."
      },
      "pt": {
        "name": "A ilha das sereias",
        "summary": "Duas cantoras num prado florido cercado pelos ossos de quem parou para ouvir. O poema não dá coordenadas e dá uma instrução náutica: cera nos ouvidos e o capitão amarrado ao mastro.",
        "description": [
          "As sereias são o único perigo que Odisseu supera só com preparação. Circe lhe diz o que são e o que fazer; ele faz; a nau passa. O episódio dura vinte versos e gerou mais arte que qualquer outro do poema.",
          "A tradição italiana as ligou às ilhotas Sirenusas diante de Amalfi, o que é uma denominação, não uma descoberta. O atlas registra a identificação e a pontua de acordo."
        ],
        "identificationNote": "Especulativa: uma tradição baseada no nome, sem provas de apoio nem consenso acadêmico; pontua 4/12.",
        "debate": "Se as Sirenusas se chamam assim por causa do episódio ou o episódio é situado nas Sirenusas — a mesma circularidade que percorre quase todas as identificações ocidentais."
      }
    }
  }
}