{
  "generated": "2026-08-29T14:59:42.179Z",
  "atlas": "https://santismm.com/en/labs/homeric-atlas",
  "methodology": "https://santismm.com/en/labs/homeric-atlas/methodology",
  "license": "Content © Santiago Santa María Morales, licensed CC BY 4.0.",
  "license_spdx": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "rubric": {
    "max": 12,
    "max_per_criterion": 3,
    "criteria": [
      "textual",
      "archaeological",
      "scholarly",
      "geographic"
    ],
    "bands": {
      "high": "10-12",
      "medium": "6-9",
      "low": "3-5",
      "minimal": "0-2"
    },
    "note": "Four criteria scored 0–3 each; score is their sum and band is derived from score. This is an editorial judgement instrument, not a probability: a 9/12 does not mean a 75% chance."
  },
  "place": {
    "id": "HOM-P-013",
    "slug": "zacynthus",
    "version": "1.0",
    "updated": "2026-08-22",
    "identification": "accepted",
    "unlocated": false,
    "region": "ionian",
    "homeric_names": [
      "Ζάκυνθος"
    ],
    "canonical_url": "https://santismm.com/en/labs/homeric-atlas/places/zacynthus",
    "api_url": "https://santismm.com/api/homeric/places/zacynthus",
    "primary_hypothesis": "zakynthos",
    "confidence": {
      "textual": 2,
      "archaeological": 2,
      "scholarly": 3,
      "geographic": 3,
      "score": 10,
      "band": "high"
    },
    "attestations": [
      {
        "work": "odyssey",
        "book": 1,
        "lines": "245-248",
        "citation": "Odyssey 1.245–248",
        "url": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136:book=1:card=1"
      },
      {
        "work": "iliad",
        "book": 2,
        "lines": "631-637",
        "citation": "Iliad 2.631–637",
        "url": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134:book=2:card=1"
      }
    ],
    "hypotheses": [
      {
        "id": "zakynthos",
        "identification": "accepted",
        "modern_name": "Zakynthos",
        "country": "GR",
        "lat": 37.79,
        "lon": 20.9,
        "precision": "island",
        "proponent": "Continuous identification; Strabo, Geography 10.2",
        "era": "antiquity",
        "since": null,
        "plottable": true,
        "off_map": false,
        "confidence": {
          "textual": 2,
          "archaeological": 2,
          "scholarly": 3,
          "geographic": 3,
          "score": 10,
          "band": "high"
        },
        "sources": [
          "strabo-10",
          "zakynthos-arch",
          "odyssey"
        ],
        "locales": {
          "en": {
            "label": "Modern Zakynthos",
            "note": "The one island in Odysseus' kingdom whose name and position were never contested: 'wooded Zacynthus' is the southernmost of the group, it has carried the name continuously, and Mycenaean burials confirm Bronze Age occupation."
          },
          "es": {
            "label": "Zacinto moderna",
            "note": "La única isla del reino de Odiseo cuyo nombre y posición nunca se discutieron: la «boscosa Zacinto» es la más meridional del grupo, ha llevado el nombre de forma continua y sus enterramientos micénicos confirman ocupación en la Edad del Bronce."
          },
          "pt": {
            "label": "Zacinto moderna",
            "note": "A única ilha do reino de Odisseu cujo nome e posição nunca foram contestados: a “arborizada Zacinto” é a mais meridional do grupo, carregou o nome continuamente e seus sepultamentos micênicos confirmam ocupação na Idade do Bronze."
          }
        }
      }
    ],
    "episodes": [
      "catalogue-of-ships"
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "iliad",
        "kind": "primary_text",
        "citation": "Homer, Iliad (trans. A. T. Murray, Loeb, 1924)",
        "author": "Homer"
      },
      {
        "id": "odyssey",
        "kind": "primary_text",
        "citation": "Homer, Odyssey (trans. A. T. Murray, Loeb, 1919)",
        "author": "Homer"
      },
      {
        "id": "strabo-10",
        "kind": "primary_text",
        "citation": "Strabo, Geography 10.2",
        "author": "Strabo",
        "year": -20
      },
      {
        "id": "zakynthos-arch",
        "kind": "archaeology",
        "citation": "Mycenaean-period cemeteries and settlement traces on Zakynthos, reported in Ionian island archaeology",
        "year": 2000
      }
    ],
    "locales": {
      "en": {
        "name": "Zacynthus",
        "summary": "The fixed point in the Ionian puzzle. Every reconstruction of Odysseus' kingdom, however radical, agrees on where Zacynthus is.",
        "description": [
          "Homer names four islands in Odysseus' domain — Ithaca, Dulichium, Same and wooded Zacynthus — and the suitors come from all of them. Three of the four have been argued over for two centuries. Zacynthus has not.",
          "That matters methodologically: it is a control. Any theory that moves Ithaca has to keep Zacynthus where it is and still make the poem's relative directions work."
        ],
        "identificationNote": "Accepted: continuous naming, agreed position, Bronze Age occupation. Textual scores 2 because 'wooded' is nearly all the poem says about it.",
        "debate": "Nothing about the island. Its role in the debate is as the fixed leg of every rival reconstruction of the Ionian geography."
      },
      "es": {
        "name": "Zacinto",
        "summary": "El punto fijo del rompecabezas jónico. Toda reconstrucción del reino de Odiseo, por radical que sea, coincide en dónde está Zacinto.",
        "description": [
          "Homero nombra cuatro islas en el dominio de Odiseo —Ítaca, Duliquio, Same y la boscosa Zacinto— y los pretendientes vienen de todas ellas. Tres de las cuatro llevan dos siglos en discusión. Zacinto, no.",
          "Eso importa metodológicamente: es un control. Cualquier teoría que mueva Ítaca tiene que dejar Zacinto donde está y aun así hacer funcionar las direcciones relativas del poema."
        ],
        "identificationNote": "Aceptada: nombre continuo, posición acordada, ocupación en el Bronce. El criterio textual puntúa 2 porque «boscosa» es casi todo lo que el poema dice de ella.",
        "debate": "Nada sobre la isla. Su papel en el debate es el de pata fija de toda reconstrucción rival de la geografía jónica."
      },
      "pt": {
        "name": "Zacinto",
        "summary": "O ponto fixo do quebra-cabeça jônico. Toda reconstrução do reino de Odisseu, por mais radical que seja, concorda sobre onde fica Zacinto.",
        "description": [
          "Homero nomeia quatro ilhas no domínio de Odisseu — Ítaca, Dulíquio, Same e a arborizada Zacinto — e os pretendentes vêm de todas elas. Três das quatro estão em discussão há dois séculos. Zacinto, não.",
          "Isso importa metodologicamente: é um controle. Qualquer teoria que mova Ítaca precisa deixar Zacinto onde está e ainda assim fazer as direções relativas do poema funcionarem."
        ],
        "identificationNote": "Aceita: nome contínuo, posição consensual, ocupação no Bronze. O critério textual pontua 2 porque “arborizada” é quase tudo o que o poema diz dela.",
        "debate": "Nada sobre a ilha. Seu papel no debate é o de perna fixa de toda reconstrução rival da geografia jônica."
      }
    }
  }
}