All routes

The other returns

Odysseus is not the only one coming home. The Odyssey spends its early books on the other nostoi — Nestor's easy one, Menelaus' eight-year detour, Agamemnon's murder — and they are the control group for the whole poem.

IdentificationAcceptedPlausibleSpeculativeMythical· Dot size = confidence score

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Nestor tells Telemachus how the fleet split at Tenedos over whether to sail or sacrifice first, and how each contingent fared. Proteus tells Menelaus the rest. Between the two accounts the poem gives a survey of returns that runs from uneventful to catastrophic.

Their geography is the mirror of the wanderings': it stays inside the known world. Malea, Crete, Egypt, Pharos, Mycenae, Pylos — every stop is a place the atlas can class as accepted or plausible, and the only speculative element is the order of the legs.

Read against the nostos of Odysseus, this route is the argument that the Odyssey knows perfectly well what a real voyage looks like, and chooses something else for its hero.

Reconstructions

Menelaus: eight years by way of Egypt

Proposed by: Proteus' account in Odyssey 4 · Antiquity

Speculative7/12Medium

Blown off course at Malea, wrecked on Crete, and held in Egypt long enough to come home rich. Every stop is a real place; what is speculative is the itinerary, which the poem gives in a single retrospective speech.

  1. 01Troy (Ilios)· Hisarlık (Troy VI / VIIa)The wooden horse and the fall of Troy
  2. 02Tenedos· Bozcaada (Tenedos)
  3. 03Cape Malea· Cape Malea, Laconia
  4. 04Knossos· The palace at Knossos
  5. 05Egypt· Egypt and the NileMenelaus and Proteus at Pharos
  6. 06Pharos· The island of Pharos, AlexandriaMenelaus and Proteus at Pharos
  7. 07Sparta (Lacedaemon)· The Eurotas valley (Lacedaemon)Telemachus in Sparta
Confidence
7/12 · Medium confidence
Textual
2
Archaeological
1
Scholarly
2
Geographic
2
  • Primary textStrabo, Geography 17.1
  • ArchaeologyLate Bronze Age and early Iron Age contact between the Aegean and Egypt, attested by imported material in both directions
  • Primary textHomer, Odyssey 3.130-312 and 4.351-586 (the returns told by Nestor and Proteus)

Nestor home, Agamemnon murdered

Proposed by: Nestor's account in Odyssey 3 · Antiquity

Plausible9/12Medium

The short version and the fatal one. Nestor sails straight and reaches Pylos without incident; Agamemnon is driven past Malea, lands on the wrong coast and is killed at his own table. Both endpoints are accepted sites.

  1. 01Troy (Ilios)· Hisarlık (Troy VI / VIIa)The wooden horse and the fall of Troy
  2. 02Tenedos· Bozcaada (Tenedos)
  3. 03Cape Malea· Cape Malea, Laconia
  4. 04Pylos· Ano Englianos (the Palace of Nestor)Telemachus at Pylos
  5. 05Mycenae· The citadel at MycenaeThe murder of Agamemnon
Confidence
9/12 · Medium confidence
Textual
2
Archaeological
2
Scholarly
2
Geographic
3
  • ArchaeologyHeinrich Schliemann, Mycenae (1878)
  • Primary textHomer, Odyssey 3.130-312 and 4.351-586 (the returns told by Nestor and Proteus)

What is disputed

How much of the returns tradition is older than the Odyssey — a lost Nostoi poem is attested in the Epic Cycle — and whether Menelaus' Egyptian years reflect a real pattern of Aegean contact or a storyteller's idea of the far south.

Sources

  • Primary textHomer, Odyssey 3.130-312 and 4.351-586 (the returns told by Nestor and Proteus)
  • Primary textStrabo, Geography 17.1
  • ArchaeologyHeinrich Schliemann, Mycenae (1878)
  • ArchaeologyLate Bronze Age and early Iron Age contact between the Aegean and Egypt, attested by imported material in both directions

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